Middle East And Russia Case Study - 1700 Words

While the Middle East and China will remain concerns in the near future, the most significant threat to the United States domestically and internationally will be Russia. For years, Russia was often overlooked as a large â€Å"Failed State† with the fall of Communism and the collapse of its Socialist government. Under Vladimir Putin, Russia has enacted policies aimed at modernizing its military, reacquiring former Soviet states, and undermining the United States and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO.) With the fall of the Soviet Union, Western powers shifted their focus to emerging threats throughout the world. The United States while competing economically with China focused militarily on the Middle East. With the decline of the†¦show more content†¦The departure from the traditional â€Å"Containment Doctrine† of the Cold War has shifted American strategic priorities away from Russia and other traditional state based standing militaries. This new direc tion of foreign policy focused on state building or state support to prevent environments like Afghanistan where Al Qaeda emerged as the controlling Islamic faction after the withdrawal of Soviet forces or Somalia where terrorists capitalized on the local governments inability to enforce laws or control its borders after the fall of that country’s government. (http://foreignpolicy.com/) When Russia existed as the center of the United Soviet Socialist Republic, the Republic enjoyed influence and control over emerging and existing Communist countries. The influence wielded by the Soviet Republic was second only to the influence and power of the United States. This all ended with the fall of the Soviet Union, â€Å"On December 25, 1991, the Soviet hammer and sickle flag lowered for the last time over the Kremlin, thereafter replaced by the Russian tricolor. Earlier in the day, Mikhail Gorbachev resigned his post as president of the Soviet Union, leaving Boris Yeltsin as preside nt of the newly independent Russian state. People all over the world watched in amazement at this relatively peaceful transition from former Communist monolith into multiple separate nations.† (https://history.state.gov) The fall of the USSRShow MoreRelatedThe United States And The Middle East834 Words   |  4 PagesFor decades, the United States and fellow western nations have been heavily involved with and invested in the Middle East. Geographically, the Middle East region contains a large percentage of the industrialized world’s most prized resource, oil. Throughout this time, the United States has participated in Gulf War I, Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Southern Watch, Operation Northern Watch, and numerous other contingencies and operations. Most recently, the regionRead MoreTurkmen Energy Relations With China And Russia1731 Words   |  7 Pageswith China and Russia Historically in the Russian sphere of influence, since the breakup of the Soviet Union, just like the rest of Central Asia, Turkmenistan has found itself in the middle of Sino-Russian confrontation over the question of who is the new regional powerhouse. Due to the shared Russian imperial and then Soviet past, the Russian influence the Turkman society was prevalent after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Pipelines carried Turkmen gas to Russia and then from Russia to Western marketsRead MoreWill Iran Destroy The World If Not Kept1268 Words   |  6 Pagesarms race could do and have started to decrease their stockpiles. But there is a new threat of an arms race in the Middle East which could prove catastrophic for the rest of the world if not kept under control by the U.S. and other G5 nations. Unfortunately, many Americans question why we are involved in these affairs if countries the problem nation or nations are so far away. In this case it is because we are in direct danger whether you like to accept it or not A big reason that this impacts the URead MoreThe Conflict Between The Middle East And Christianity1596 Words   |  7 Pageslong history of the religion conflict between the Islamism in the middle east and Christianity in the west. In the past, the impact of religion in the West was weakened by the industrial revolution, the conception of death was also changed because of religious reformation, which the middle east need to have now. The author of Heretic, Ayaan Hirsi Ali (2015) also made her point that Islam is not a religion of peace. (Ali, 2015) Her study was flawed, but it was important nevertheless, the truth that mostRead MoreThe World During The Cold War Essay1379 Words   |  6 Pagesglobal situation there are significant similarities can be found. 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Russia is Syria’s largest and most powerful ally has grown concerned over this war as Syria has been important to Russia in many ways over the years. Ideologies brought these two nations together in the mid-twentieth century and the relationship has progressed into a strong alliance. Today, one reason Russia refuses to give up on Syria is because they have their only other military installation outside of the former Soviet Union located within its border. Russia also supplies SyriaRead MoreShale Gas Fracking As A Means Of Increasing Energy Security Essay724 Words   |  3 PagesTo examine the role of the Middle East and Russia in the energy market and why in the last 5-10 years, the oil, coal and gas market has been deemed insecure. 2. To discuss the UK’s dependence on imports of foreign energy and why investing in shale gas resources would strengthen the state’s energy security and economy. 3. To highlight the concerns of national environmental and conservation groups on the environmental impacts of fracking. Theoretical Debate: Case Study: In the mid-1960s, sourcesRead MoreThe Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Essay1436 Words   |  6 Pagesnuclear research and developing the first nuclear weapon. The Soviet Union followed by testing its first atomic bomb in 1949, thereby beginning a nuclear arms race amongst countries that continues to the present day. The official nuclear countries, Russia, France, United States, United Kingdom and China have shown no plans of giving up their nuclear weapons, fueling proliferation by non-nuclear states. Although numerous non-nuclear countries have sought nuclear weapons, few are known to have succeeded

Analyzing Identity from all Aspects in Nature - 2372 Words

This essay is about identity and analyzing identity from all aspects in nature. I have a strong understanding on identity and how one’s identity can be derived from oneself and their surroundings. I am aware of such altercations because I myself am constantly changing my identity in order to fit in with different groups. For this reason I support the idea that society alters our identities and ultimately shapes the people that we are. For this reason my commentary on the essay will have more support on general ideas then the essay itself because I understand identity better on my own and without the support from the short stories. I plan to open this essay with a strong hook and a solid thesis statement that will continue to support my work throughout this essay. Due to the fact that I am writing this essay in one sitting and will not be able to add more ideas later I will unfortunately leave out salient ideas and thoughts that won’t occur to me now but will become more evident as I continue to ponder the idea of identity. As long as I get out my main ideas and support them with evidence from the text I will have a solid piece of work completed on identity. An identity is not permanent neither is it naturally constructed. Certain aspects of one’s identity are unchangeable such as their gender, religion, and family background. Even though a person is born with a definite gender some choose to change their gender and that is not included in previous statement. Other aspectsShow MoreRelatedSocial And Developmental Perspectives Of Psychology1446 Words   |  6 Pagescomponents and measurements that are commonly used to identify ethnic identity within groups. 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Additionally, education has conformed to this idea of centralizing information, as we see that from the SAT to the AMFTRB, millennialsRead MoreSymbolic Interactionism In A Subculture1400 Words   |  6 Pagesshifts and stages of involvement form one’s subcultural career. Analyzing such subcultural careers from the symbolic interactionist perspective teaches one much about the interpretive and social dimensions of participation in a subculture. An understanding of the theoretical framework of symbolic interactionism and of the definitions of concepts such as subcultures and subcultural car eers provides a framework for effectively analyzing my career in the Tylenol drug subculture. The symbolic interactionistRead MoreSociological Concepts Of Identity And Globalization1083 Words   |  5 Pagesexamine the sociological concepts of identity and globalization, and the manner in which they have swayed the aspect of human relationships in Australian society, over the course of history. My Japanese grandparents’ generation, which will be referred to as ‘Generation X’, will also be considered by analyzing the differences in regards to this issue with my generation, ‘The Millennial’s’. The notion of identity is an enduring subject that sociologists have been analyzing for a period of time. RichardRead MoreWalt Whitman Poetry Essay1685 Words   |  7 PagesContribution to American Identity Walt Whitman’s portfolio of poetry was a crucial staple in the American identity. Whitman used his poetry to contribute to the evolution of self-reliance, human freedom and concepts of democracy. These influences can be seen throughout all of his poems, but more relevantly in â€Å"Song of Myself†, â€Å"For You O Democracy† and in â€Å"Live Oak, with Moss†. 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Never before in the history of modern society has there been such a strong emphasis on capturing, analyzing, categorizing and using personal data that had been highly protected in the past for purposes of securing nations (Ottensmeyer, Heroux, 1991). Correspondingly, there has never been a time when every aspect of life in an organization is monitored, from personal computer and telephone use to the use of personal Wi-Fi and networking devices (Riedy, Wen, 2010). The first sectionRead MoreAn Examination Of Gender And Sexual Differences1191 Words   |  5 Pages gender and sexual difference are connected to what it is that unites and what it is that divides us as women and as feminists. When analyzing the role from the past and understanding the gender ro les and gender identities it will vary on sex differences. I gathered that the power of men and women often emerges in the control of women s sexuality and other aspect of their behavior. This will predict the behavior and other outcomes of the human behavior in society. It also provides strong evidenceRead MoreExamples Of Identity In Rip Van Winkle1144 Words   |  5 Pages trying to get away from his duties of being a husband and his wife in general. However, while analyzing it further, it appears Irving is trying to give insight into his thoughts and feelings surrounding the American Revolution. As many thoughts and feelings are hidden in the writing of this text, the search for an identity during this time is the one that sticks out the most while reading Rip Van Winkle. There are many aspects of the short story that put emphasis on identity during this time inRead More Anthropology and Gender Essay1576 Words   |  7 Pageshave always been a vital part of any ethnographic stu dy, but the contributors of this theory began to address the androcentric nature of anthropology itself. 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Leadership Structure in the Local Church Free Essays

Structure for Church Ministry By Geraldine Rowe A Paper Presented to Professor Dr. Epps In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For Research for Scholarly Writing College of Biblical Studies Houston, Texas October 14, 2010 ? Leadership Structure for Church Ministry The local church has not exhibited consistent patterns of lay leadership. Most denominations articulate the Reformation principle of a universal priesthood, while vacillating with changing times and pressures. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Structure in the Local Church or any similar topic only for you Order Now At both the local and denominational levels organizations have expanded the role of lay persons which may or may not require them to be educated clergy. Organization structure of the local church whether modern or traditional empowers themselves to announce the word, administer the sacraments and to call and discipline ministers and laity. Believers in Christ connect simultaneously as a congregation to manage the work that Jesus requested. The general values that can be acclimatized to fit the features of â€Å"the local church† were established by the early church to do ministry. These values can be directed to the constitution or bylaws of a localized place of worship in modern times. Concentration should be given to the reason and objective of the local church preventing them from dropping into the complacency of just â€Å"doing church. † In architecture, one of the most significant notions is that the church balances between covenant theology and proliferated leadership roles. To explore this notion a closer look is given to church models and their leadership philosophies, beginning with the authority or â€Å"head† of the church. The first and most significant part of the church’s structure is the Head Shepherd who is Jesus Christ (Ephesians 1:22-23, 4:15-16). Underneath the Head Shepherd, there is an assembly of under shepherds (overseers, elders or pastors). Historically, from the perspective of Anglicans, Puritans, and Presbyterians all early Baptist preachers were lay, meaning they did not receive Episcopal or Presbyterian ordination. One example was Thomas Collier, who joined one of the seven London churches and served as an itinerant evangelist. He, through the use of the press gained great influence of Particular Baptists. Lay preachers were the chief means for the advancement of Baptist in the American frontier. Today, however the Pastor no longer functions merely as preachers, chief administrators or ordinances, counselors, and general leaders. They have become executives or administrators who perform numerous functions. They interface disillusionment when they discover that it requires something very different. They become the â€Å"hired hands† instead of God-called ministers. The common options for handling this issue seems to be emphasize the equipping role of the pastor and other professionals while seeking to acknowledge an array of functions and leadership in the churches today. The leadership of the church depends largely upon its doctrine and how closely the pastor is to follow its bylaws. One view is that of the church as a covenant community which has deep roots in biblical as well as free-church traditions. Max Stackhouse wrote on â€Å"free church Calvinism† which had a strong influence on the Puritans who left the Church of England. He describes it like this: â€Å"A covenantal people live under the law of God, and find themselves empowered to live together by the love of God. God is the source and sustainer of the covenant ecclesia. Though the initiator of the covenant of God, the church also in a sense a voluntary community. The covenant is voluntary in the sense that it is not a community given by birth in a family, class or nation. People must choose to be an active member. This is so even if, in another sense, it is not voluntary at all. God initiates the covenant, humans only receive it, as signified by baptism. This doctrine if properly adopted eliminates the temptation of self-interest, isolation and the disregard for the claims of others. Statistic show however that among Southern Baptist Churches the denomination has been restricted by geography and economist to the South, and by racism. Additionally, many southern Baptist have embraced the pluralistic value of urban life and advance education. Covena ntalism, in its original intent could guide a system which recognizes different influences and authorities, and to give a voice to diverse groups and individuals. A church is both an organism and an organization. According to New Testament writers the church is defined as the â€Å"body of Christ† (1 Corinthians 12) also â€Å"the bride of Christ† (Revelation 19). These scriptures personify the church as a living organism. This organism lives under the leadership of the spirit of Christ as it works in the life of believers which prompts them to begin a congregation. An effective leader strives to keep the congregation attached to its source of energy thereby keeping people focused on the One who corporately gives them strength and direction. This organism can be dynamic or it can become weak and sickly. As an organism its life and energy must be cared for much liken to one who would care for a living being. The Church is also an organization as defined by Webster. It is â€Å"any unified, consolidated group of elements; systematized whole; a) a body of persons organized for some specific purpose†. As an organization the Church has form, structure, a mission to perform, clientele, constituents, programs, a way of doing business, financial systems, a corporate culture, and many other attributes of any other organization whether secular or sacred. The effective leader needs to understand the nature of its organization and attempt to lead the church carrying out its mission. Leaders of the Bible like Moses, Joshua, David, Nehemiah, Jesus, Paul and others had goals and envisioned the end results as they pushed themselves and led others. Any effective leader can enlist people around them to commit to common purpose. They motivate others to dream the dreams, see the visions, and work toward the goals that have been set. This servant leader strives to build trust between leader and effective balance so that leadership compliments one another. This frees him up to preach the gospel. When a leader is overly task oriented he will do whatever it takes to accomplish the task at hand. People are not very important. The danger here is that the leader directs more attention to the organization than the organism. The most consistent lay leadership role in ministry in Baptist Churches has been that of Deacon. The work of the Deacon is to serve tables, providing the Lord Supper. They are to partner with the Pastor as bond servants and overseers according to Phil 1:1. Likewise his attributes should reconcile with the description of overseer given in 1Tim 3:1-13. The position of Deacon and other church officers and ministries are accountable when heading up a successful church organization. Patterson makes this point clear in his writings about leading from the second chair. A second chair leader may be defined as â€Å"anyone in a subordinate whole whose influence with others adds value throughout the organization. It could refer to the second or the fourth or fifth person of the organization chart. According to this writer the second chair leader should learn from the paradoxes from the reflection on the life of Joseph in the book of Genesis. If the overseers are out of order and dysfunctional, the entire congregation suffers from confusion and strife that eventually weakens the church preventing it to function according to its original purpose. The biblical purpose of the church is the Great Commission as stated in Matthew 28:19-20. Its mission, or the way in which its purpose is carried out, is stated in Acts 2:42-47 as evangelism, discipleship, worship, ministry, prayer, and fellowship. The leader of the second chair understands the mission of the church and has developed a vision of what the purpose of the church is and is committed to that mission and vision. In conclusion, many changes have taken place in the local church since its Reformation principals. Some of these changes have raised the awareness of social injustices and much progress has been made in the areas of diversity. Many of the post modern adjustments that were made in order to accommodate a diverse society however have proven to weaken its effectiveness in a dying world. Over a period of time the church has become stagnate and content with the way things are being done been under the umbrella of â€Å"the church†. Distractions such as church membership, financial budgets, and annual programs have taken the forefront of too many local congregations. They exist to survive or survive to exist and totally lose sight of its mandate to teach the Word of God, win people to a saving knowledge of Christ, grow people in Christ- likeness, and minister to one another. The Leaders and Overseers should re-evaluate their agenda. They should nurture the passion for work to which they have been called and keep their eyes on the mission and purpose of the church or whatever group/organization they are leading. This will eradicate confusion, hostility, misunderstandings, controversy and selfish agendas. They should be determined to lead the church to develop strong, positive Kingdom agendas that clearly contributes to the advancement of the cause of Christ in the world. How to cite Leadership Structure in the Local Church, Papers

Importance of Superannuation Contributions in Corporate Finance

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Superannuation Contributions. Answer: Introduction This report aims to provide an understanding of the importance of superannuation contributions in the tertiary sector employees. In this context, the report discusses the factors that should be taken into consideration by the tertiary sector employees when they are placing their superannuation contributions in the defined benefit plan or investment choice plan. The superannuation is described as an organizational pension program that is developed by business corporations for promoting employees welfare. The major benefit of superannuation pension program to the employees is that funds deposited in the account are not subjected to any tax implications till the withdrawal or retirement of employees. There has been increasing emphasizes of business corporations to incorporate superannuation in the employees benefit plan for encouraging them to save for their future years. The government of various countries is focusing on minimizing the contributions to be made into superannuation pensi on program by employers for ensuring employees welfare (Graney, 2004). The comparison of defined benefit plan and investment choice plan is discussed in the present report in order to analyze their benefits for employees. Also, the report examines the issues relating to the concept of time value of money while taking decisions regarding the selection of superannuation contributions to be done in defined benefit or investment choice plan. In addition to this, the report discusses the role of efficient-market hypothesis for pension fund manager in selection of a portfolio. Factors to be considered by Tertiary Sector Employees to place their superannuation contributions in the Defined benefit or Investment Choice plan The tertiary sector is referred to as service sector and comes after the secondary manufacturing and primary raw materials economic sectors. The tertiary sector employees are the service sector employees and they receive superannuation contributions on the basis of their appointment. The superannuation contributions refer to the retirement pension plan that is determined by an organization for its employees benefits. The superannuation contributions are made either by the company known as defied benefit plan or by the employees referred to as defined contribution plan. The funds deposited in the retirement plan through superannuation contributions are subjected to grow in value till the retirement of employees. The minimum contribution to the superannuation was initially 3 per cent but has increased to about 9 per cent for the tertiary sector employees. The superannuation contributions plan is highly beneficial for the employees as it is supported by the government and thus employers have to pay a minimum percentage of salary proportion to the retirement scheme for employees (Smith and Koken, 2011). The minimum mandatory contribution made by the employers on behalf of employees is referred to as superannuation guarantee. Also, the employees are compelled to contribute a minimum percentage of their income to retirement plan under superannuation guarantee. The main reason behind the mandatory contribution in superannuation by employers and employees is to remove any unnecessary burden on the social security system by saving the funds for the employees future life period. The superannuation and mutual funds have thus become biggest investors in financial system of Australia due to large amount of funds contributed by employers and employees in this scheme. The organization known as Uni Super Ltd is known for managing the superannuation plan for tertiary sector employees within Australia (CCH Australia Staff, 2012). There are two major types of investment choice under the superannuation contributions that are, Defined Benefit Plan and Investment Choice plan (Graney, 2004). The benef its offered under both the above mentioned investment choice is explained as follows: Defined benefit plan is referred to as retirement plan offered to employees by the employers in which employers are required to provide a specified amount of funds to the employees as their pension funds. The specified amount of funds promised to be provided by the employer is calculated through a formula incorporating the use of employees salary, age and employment period. The tertiary service sector employees can determine their superannuation in advance in the defined benefit plan as it is determined on the basis of a formula (Kolb, 2009). The funds invested in the defined benefit plan are allocated to different assets as decided by the trustees of UniSuper Ltd. The main benefit for tertiary sector employees adopting the define benefit plan is that it is associated with less risk as the final payment received by the employees is fixed without the effect of performance of asset portfolio. However, this also proves to be drawback of the benefit plan as employees cant gain funds high er than the minimum payout determined by the formula (Reilly and Estreicher, 2010). On the contrary, investment choice plan provides investment choices to the employees and thus employees can select the best possible strategies for their investment as per their needs. The employees are provided the complete authority to decide about the type of assets or portfolios in which the superannuation contributions are to be done (Reilly and Estreicher, 2010). The employees are offered the following fur types of investment strategies in the investment choice plan as follows: Secure Fund: These consist of securities with fixed interest and cash. Stable Fund: It consists of bonds and also some opportunities to invest in domestic and overseas share. Choice of Trustees: It includes domestic and overseas shares, property assets, private equities and investment in infrastructure. Shares Funds: It consists of completely investing in domestic and overseas shares (Maginn et al., 2007). The employees can select from either of the above mentioned strategies on the basis of risk and return factors associated with each of the options. Thus, the employees who select to invest their superannuation contribution under the investment choice plan have to analyze the risks and return characteristics of each of the strategies. The final payment received under this plan is not fixed and cannot be determined in advance as it is dependent on the investment strategy selected by the employees. Therefore, all these factors need to be considered by the tertiary sector employees at the time of deciding their superannuation contributions in the defined benefit plan or investment choice plan. The employees who possess sound knowledge of investing in risky portfolio can select investment choice plan while who have limited knowledge of funds investment should invest in defined benefit plan (Graney, 2004). Issues Relating To the Concept of the Time Value of Money in This Decision-Making Process The concept of time value of money is very important at the time of taking critical financial decisions. This concept helps a finance manager to take critical decisions in relation to investment and financing. The tertiary sector employees can take decisions relating to place their superannuation contributions in the defined benefit plan or investment choice plan. The concept of time value of money will help in determining the cash flows that will be arise at a future period of time. This is done though using two methods that are, compounding the present money to future date or discounting the future money to present date. As such, this concept can be taken into account by the employees while selecting whether they have to receive money in lump sum or in definite payouts at fixed intervals of time from their pension plan (Gitman et al., 2015). The decisions can be taken easily using the concept of time value of money that helps in comparing the value of present and future money. As discussed above, defined benefit plan involves providing definite payout to employees at the time of their retirement that is calculated on the basis of a fixed formula. Thus, employees can use the concept of time value of money while calculating the future amount that they are likely to receive in the future period of time through compounding the present money to future date through the technique of compounding provided by the concept of time of value of money (Wendt, 2015). On the other hand, the investment choice plan the amount received by the employees from the pension plan is related to the performance of the portfolio in which they select to invest. The employees can utilize the concept of time value of money to determine the future cash flows that they are likely to receive from investing in different type of assets. The amount obtained from investment choice plan is dependent on the risk and return characteristics of the type of portfolio selected by the employees. The time value of money will help in assessing the possible return that can be generated from selecting a specific strategy under investment choice plan and thus deciding the worth of money in the future period of time. The future value of the periodic cash flows that will be received under investment choice plan can be easily determined through the use of time value of money. Therefore, the employees can analyze the future cash flows that they will receive under defined benefit or investment choice plan and thus can take decisions relating to place their superannuation contributions in the defined benefit or investment choice plan (Petty et al., 2015). If the efficient-market hypothesis is true, the pension fund manager might as well select a portfolio with a pin. Explain why this is not the case The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) is an investment theory as per which the price of an asset at a time determines all its information. Thus, the theory of efficient-market hypothesis assumes that investors receive all the available information about assets in the same manner. Thus, as per the theory investors are likely to receive equal returns with equal amount of investment done on an asset as they receive same information. The theory has been a subject of debate since its establishment as the view provided by the theory that markets operate efficiently and price of assets states all the information available about them is severely criticized. This is because is this is case it would be rather impossible to beat the market and as such investors would not be able to gain higher returns (Bergen, 2011). The role of pension fund manager is very important in order to ensure that pension plans of employees operate in an effective manner. The main responsibility of pension fund manage r is to provide maximum benefits to employees with their pension scheme after their regiment by investing in right type of assets. Thus, they have to select a portfolio for their employees that are likely to provide them maximum returns in the future. Thus, developing a portfolio associated with minimum risk and maximum performance is the main reasonability of a pension fund manager (Fiestas et al., 2010). However, if the financial economic theory of efficient-market hypothesis is true, then generating a portfolio with maximum returns would be relatively an easy task for pension fund manager. The pension fund manager can easily select assets that are likely to yield maximum returns as the asset prices reflect all the possible information about them. However, this is not the case, a pension fund manager have to develop a portfolio that can provide maximum returns by diversification of the market risk. As such, a pension fund manger have to invest in different type of assets that have low co-relation between them in order to diversify the investment risk and maximize the returns generated from a portfolio. The selection of right type of assets under a portfolio is the most difficult task for a pension fund manager. Lower the co-relation between assets, lesser is the risk because if one asset provides lower returns then other assets can yield higher returns. However, if the efficient-mark et hypothesis is believed to be true than pension fund manager have not to diversify the risk of a portfolio as all assets generate same type of returns (Wendt, 2015). Conclusion Thus, it is inferred from the overall discussion held in the report that tertiary sector employees should carefully analyze the future cash flows that can be generated through placing their superannuation contributions in the defined benefit or investment choice plan through the use of time value of money. The pension fund manager has to select a portfolio for their clients that will provide them maximum returns and is associated with less risk. References Bergen, J.V. 2011. Efficient Market Hypothesis: Is The Stock Market Efficient? Retrieved May 13, 2014, from Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/investopedia/2011/01/12/efficient-market-hypothesis-is-the-stock-market-efficient/#4a55338176a6 CCH Australia Staff. 2012. Australian Master Tax Guide. CCH Australia Limited. Fiestas, H.V. et al. 2010. Better Returns in a Better World: Responsible investment - overcoming the barriers and seeing the returns. Oxfam. Gitman, L. J. et al. 2015. Principles of Managerial Finance. Pearson Higher Education AU. Graney, P. J. 2004. Retirement Savings Plans. Nova Publishers. Kolb, R.W. 2009. Corporate Retirement Security: Social and Ethical Issues. John Wiley Sons. Maginn, J. L. et al. 2007. Managing Investment Portfolios: A Dynamic Process. John Wiley Sons. Petty, J. W. et al. 2015. Financial Management: Principles and Applications. Pearson Higher Education AU. Reilly, D. and Estreicher, S. 2010. Employee Benefits and Executive Compensation: Proceedings of the New York University 59th Annual Conference on Labor. Kluwer Law International. Smith, B. and Koken, E. 2011. The Superannuation Handbook 2008-09. John Wiley Sons. Wendt, K. 2015. Responsible Investment Banking: Risk Management Frameworks, Sustainable Financial Innovation and Softlaw Standards. Springer.